The Hidden Potential of Old PCs: Transforming Them into Servers and More

In today's fast-paced world, technology is evolving rapidly, leaving behind a trail of outdated devices. Among these relics are old PCs, once considered cutting-edge, now relegated to the corner of our attics or gathering dust in storage. However, what many fail to realize is that these seemingly obsolete machines possess untapped potential. In this blog post, we'll explore the usefulness of repurposing old PCs, particularly as servers, and shed light on the various benefits they can offer.

1. Affordable Server Solutions:
   Servers are essential for hosting websites, running applications, and managing data. However, dedicated server hardware can be expensive. Repurposing an old PC as a server provides a cost-effective alternative. With minimal investment, you can convert your outdated PC into a functional server capable of handling tasks like file storage, media streaming, or even hosting a personal website.

2. Learning and Experimentation:
   For technology enthusiasts, repurposing an old PC as a server opens up a world of learning opportunities. It allows you to delve into the realms of networking, server administration, and software configuration. By repurposing an old PC, you can experiment with different operating systems, set up virtual machines, or explore advanced server applications. This hands-on experience can be immensely valuable for students, aspiring IT professionals, or hobbyists looking to expand their knowledge.

3. Home Media Server:
   One of the most popular uses for an old PC is transforming it into a home media server. By installing media server software, such as Plex or Emby, you can centralize your multimedia collection and stream it to various devices within your home network. Whether it's movies, music, or photos, an old PC can act as a hub for all your entertainment needs, turning your living room into a personalized media center.

4. Network-Attached Storage (NAS):
   Another practical application for repurposed PCs is creating a Network-Attached Storage (NAS) solution. By adding additional hard drives and configuring the PC with NAS software like FreeNAS or OpenMediaVault, you can transform it into a storage powerhouse. This setup allows you to store and access files from anywhere on your network, providing a convenient backup solution and file-sharing capabilities.

5. Dedicated Game Server:
   For gamers, repurposing an old PC as a dedicated game server can enhance their multiplayer gaming experience. Many games support player-hosted servers, enabling you to create a custom gaming environment for you and your friends. Whether it's Minecraft, Counter-Strike, or a myriad of other games, an old PC can serve as the backbone for hosting these servers, ensuring low-latency and personalized gameplay.

6. Sustainable Computing: In an era when environmental concerns are paramount, repurposing old PCs contributes to sustainable computing practices. By extending the lifespan of these devices, we reduce electronic waste and minimize the strain on natural resources required to manufacture new hardware. Repurposing not only benefits our pockets but also promotes ecological responsibility by reducing the carbon footprint associated with the disposal and production of electronics.

The usefulness of old PCs extends far beyond their intended lifespan. By repurposing them as servers, media centers, or dedicated game servers, we unlock their hidden potential and breathe new life into these once-powerful machines. The affordability, learning opportunities, and practical applications offered by repurposed PCs make them invaluable assets in our ever-evolving technological landscape. So, before you discard that outdated PC, consider the possibilities that lie within and embrace the potential of repurposing.

Internet vs. Intranet: Understanding the Difference

 

In the digital age, connectivity plays a vital role in our daily lives. We rely on computer networks to communicate, access information, and collaborate with others. Two commonly used networks are the internet and intranet, each serving distinct purposes. In this blog post, we will explore the key differences between the internet and intranet, shedding light on their unique functionalities and the advantages they offer.

Internet: Connecting the World
The internet is a vast global network that connects millions of devices, networks, and users worldwide. It is a public network, accessible to anyone with an internet connection. With its ubiquitous presence, the internet enables us to access a wealth of information, connect with people across the globe, and engage in various online activities. From browsing websites and social media platforms to sending emails and streaming media, the internet has revolutionized the way we live, work, and communicate.

Intranet: Secure Collaboration within Organizations
While the internet opens up a world of possibilities, organizations often require a private and secure network for their internal operations. Enter the intranet, a private network limited to a specific organization or a defined group of users. Unlike the internet, access to an intranet is restricted to authorized personnel within the organization. It serves as a secure platform for internal communication, collaboration, and information sharing.

Enhancing Internal Communication and Collaboration
Intranets are designed to facilitate seamless internal communication within an organization. They offer features such as company-wide news updates, discussion forums, and messaging systems, enabling employees to stay connected and informed. In addition, intranets provide a centralized platform for sharing documents, files, and resources, fostering collaboration and teamwork. From project management tools to employee directories, intranets streamline internal processes and improve overall efficiency.

Securing Sensitive Information
One of the primary advantages of an intranet is the enhanced security it provides. By keeping the network restricted to authorized users, organizations can safeguard sensitive data and protect confidential information. Intranets employ various security measures such as user authentication, data encryption, and access controls to ensure that only approved individuals can access and interact with the network. This level of control and security is crucial for organizations dealing with proprietary information, customer data, and intellectual property.

Tailored for Organizational Needs
Unlike the internet, which is a standardized and globally accessible network, intranets can be customized to meet specific organizational requirements. Organizations can design their intranets to reflect their brand identity, integrate with existing systems and tools, and tailor functionalities to their unique workflows. This flexibility allows organizations to create an intranet environment that aligns with their specific needs, enhancing productivity and collaboration within the company.

The internet and intranet are distinct networks, each serving a specific purpose in the digital landscape. The internet connects the world, offering access to vast amounts of information and enabling global communication. On the other hand, intranets provide organizations with a secure and private network for internal communication, collaboration, and information sharing. By understanding the differences between these two networks, organizations can leverage the strengths of both to maximize their productivity, security, and efficiency in today's interconnected world.

 

How To Set Up Your Own VPN Service FOR FREE with OpenVPN and Docker

 

In an increasingly connected world, privacy and security have become paramount. Setting up your own Virtual Private Network (VPN) service can provide an added layer of protection for your online activities. In this step-by-step guide, we will walk you through the process of creating your own VPN service using OpenVPN and Docker. By following these instructions, you'll have full control over your VPN, ensuring enhanced privacy and security.

Before getting started, ensure that you have the following:

• A server or virtual machine with Docker installed
• Basic command-line knowledge
• A public IP address or domain name for your server 

**IMPORTANT** You will need to Port Forward 1194 to your server.

Step 1: Install Docker
Begin by installing Docker on your server. Visit the official Docker website (https://www.docker.com/products/docker-desktop) and download the appropriate version for your operating system. Follow the installation instructions to complete the setup.

Step 2: Create a Docker Network
Open a terminal or command prompt and create a Docker network that will be used for the VPN connections. Enter the following command:
docker network create vpn-net

Step 3: Create an OpenVPN Configuration Directory
Create a directory on your server where you will store the OpenVPN configuration files. For example, let's create a directory called "openvpn-config":
mkdir openvpn-config

Step 4: Generate OpenVPN Server Configuration Files
Use the following command to generate the OpenVPN server configuration files:
docker run -v $PWD/openvpn-config:/etc/openvpn --log-driver=none --rm -it kylemanna/openvpn ovpn_genconfig -u udp://YOUR_SERVER_IP

Replace 'YOUR_SERVER_IP' with the public IP address or domain name of your server.

Step 5: Initialize the OpenVPN Certificate Authority (CA)
Run the command below to initialize the OpenVPN certificate authority:
docker run -v $PWD/openvpn-config:/etc/openvpn --log-driver=none --rm -it kylemanna/openvpn ovpn_initpki

You will be prompted to enter a passphrase for the CA key. Choose a strong passphrase and remember it securely.

Step 6: Start the OpenVPN Server Container
To start the OpenVPN server container, execute the following command:
docker run -v $PWD/openvpn-config:/etc/openvpn -d -p 1194:1194/udp --cap-add=NET_ADMIN --restart=always --name=openvpn-server --net=vpn-net kylemanna/openvpn
We will now need to open port 1194 on our server's firewall:
ufw allow 1194

Step 7: Generate Client Configuration Files
Generate client configuration files for each VPN client by executing the following commands:
docker run -v $PWD/openvpn-config:/etc/openvpn --log-driver=none --rm -it kylemanna/openvpn easyrsa build-client-full CLIENT_NAME nopass

docker run -v $PWD/openvpn-config:/etc/openvpn --log-driver=none --rm kylemanna/openvpn ovpn_getclient CLIENT_NAME > CLIENT_NAME.ovpn

Replace 'CLIENT_NAME' with a unique identifier for each client.

Step 8: Transfer Client Configuration Files
Securely transfer the generated client configuration files (CLIENT_NAME.ovpn) to the respective client devices using methods like secure file transfer (SCP) or encrypted email.

Step 9: Connect to the VPN
Install an OpenVPN client application, such as OpenVPN GUI for Windows or Tunnelblick for macOS, on the client device. Import the client configuration file (CLIENT_NAME.ovpn) into the client application and connect to the VPN.

By following these simple steps, you have successfully created your own VPN service using OpenVPN and Docker.

 

How To Easily Make Your Very Own QR Code Generator With Python

 

Here's a step-by-step tutorial on how to easily make a QR code generator using Python!

Step 1: Install Required Libraries

First, make sure you have the necessary libraries installed. Open your terminal or command prompt and run the following commands to install pyqrcode and tkinter:

$ sudo pip install pyqrcode

$ sudo pip install tkinter

$ sudo pip install pypng

Step 2: Open up your text editor (I like Nano) and begin coding

Start by importing the required libraries in your Python script:

import pyqrcode
import tkinter as tk
from tkinter import filedialog

Step 3: Define the QR Code Generation Function 

Next, define the generate_qr() function. This function will be called when the "Generate" button is clicked. Inside this function, we'll generate the QR code based on the user input and save it as a PNG file:

def generate_qr():

    qr = pyqrcode.create(entry.get())

    filename = filedialog.asksaveasfilename(defaultextension='.png')

    qr.png(filename, scale=8)

    window.destroy()

In this function, we first create a QR code using pyqrcode.create(). The data for the QR code is obtained from the entry widget using entry.get(). Next, we open a file dialog using filedialog.asksaveasfilename() to let the user choose the location and name of the PNG file to save the QR code. Finally, we save the QR code as a PNG file using qr.png() with a specified scale of 8, and then close the GUI window using window.destroy().

Step 4: Create the GUI Window 

Create the main GUI window using the tkinter library:

window = tk.Tk()

window.title('QR Code Generator')

We set the window's title to "QR Code Generator".

Step 5: Add GUI Widgets 

Add the necessary GUI widgets to the window, including a label, an entry field, and a button:

label = tk.Label(window, text='Enter data:')

label.pack()

entry = tk.Entry(window)

entry.pack()

button = tk.Button(window, text='Generate', command=generate_qr)

button.pack()

We create a label widget to display the text "Enter data:" and pack it into the window. Then, we create an entry widget to allow the user to enter the data for the QR code and pack it as well. Finally, we create a button widget with the label "Generate" and associate the generate_qr() function with the button's command parameter.

Step 6: Run the GUI Loop 

Run the main GUI loop using window.mainloop():

window.mainloop()

This line of code will start the GUI event loop and keep the window displayed until it is closed.

Step 7: Run the Code 

Save your script with a .py extension (e.g., qr_code_generator.py) and run it using Python. The GUI window will appear, allowing you to enter the data for the QR code. After entering the data, click the "Generate" button. A file dialog will open where you can choose the location and name of the PNG file to save the QR code. Once you select the location and provide a file name, the QR code will be generated and saved as a PNG file. The GUI window will then close. (Note: Code must be run as sudo or root)

That's it! You've successfully created a QR code generator using Python and tkinter. Below is the code in it's entirety. Enjoy!

import pyqrcode

import tkinter as tk

from tkinter import filedialog

def generate_qr():

    qr = pyqrcode.create(entry.get())

    filename = filedialog.asksaveasfilename(defaultextension='.png')

    qr.png(filename, scale=8)

    window.destroy()

window = tk.Tk()

window.title('QR Code Generator')

label = tk.Label(window, text='Enter data:')

label.pack()

entry = tk.Entry(window)

entry.pack()

button = tk.Button(window, text='Generate', command=generate_qr)

button.pack()

window.mainloop()

Step-by-Step Guide: How To Install Nextcloud Using Docker in Linux

Nextcloud is a popular open-source file-sharing platform that can be self-hosted on your own server. Docker is a containerization technology that makes it easy to deploy and manage Nextcloud in a container. In this tutorial, we'll walk through the process of installing Nextcloud usint the Apache Docker image, opening the correct UFW ports, and configuring the trusted domains in the config.php file for use with a public IP.

Prerequisites

Before we begin, ensure that you have the following:
    
    - A Debian or Ubuntu based distribution of Linux

   
    - Docker installed

   
    - UFW (Uncomplicated Firewall) installed and enabled

 

Install Nextcloud Using Docker

To install Nextcloud using the Apache Docker image, we'll use the official Nextcloud Docker image available on Docker Hub. (Note: You must be Root or Sudo to use Docker commands.) Here are the steps:

 

    1. Pull the official Nextcloud image from Docker Hub:

        $ docker pull nextcloud 

 

    2. Start the container with the following command:

        $ docker run -d -p 8080:80 nextcloud

This command starts the Nextcloud container and maps port 8080 on the host to    port 80 in the container. You should now be able to access docker at http://localhost:8080/ from your host system.

 

    3. Verify that the container is running:

        $ docker ps

You have now successfully installed Nextcloud using the Apache Docker image. Note your container ID number and name in the output as I will be referring to it as <container-ID> going forward. You will still need to open the following ports to be able to access NextCloud from other devices other than your host system or to access it from your host system using your public IP address.

 

Opening UFW Ports

To allow incoming traffic to your Nextcloud instance, we need to open the correct ports in UFW. Here are the steps:

 

    1. Allow incoming HTTP traffic:

        $ ufw allow 8080


     $ ufw allow 80

     $ ufw allow 443

 

   2. Reload UFW:

        $ ufw reload

 

Opening Bash in the Docker Container

To open a Bash shell inside the Docker container, use the following command:

        $ docker exec -it <container-id> bash




Updating the Container

Before you can edit the config.php file, you need to update the container to be able to install nano (a text editor). Use the following command to update the container:

        $ apt-get update && apt-get install nano



Editing the config.php File

To configure Nextcloud to use a public IP address, we need to add the public IP address to the config.php file. (Note: the config file won't be available until after you open Docker for the first time and setup your Admin account.) Here are the steps:

        $ cd /var/www/html/config/

     $ nano config.php

Add the public IP address to the trusted_domains array:

'trusted_domains' => 
array ( 
    0 => 'localhost:8080',
    1 => 'your_public_ip_address',
),

Note: Be sure to replace your_public_ip_address with your own public IP address.

Save and exit the file.

Congratulations! You have now successfully configured Nextcloud to use
a public IP address. You can access your Nextcloud instance by navigating to http://your_public_ip_address in your web browser.

How To Install Wordpress Using Docker (Properly)

Installing WordPress using Docker with Apache and MySQL can be a great way to develop and deploy WordPress sites easily and efficiently. In this step-by-step guide, I will walk you through the process of installing WordPress using Docker with Apache and MySQL.

Step 1. Install Docker and Docker Compose: The first step is to install Docker and Docker Compose on your system. You can find installation instructions for your operating system on the Docker website.

Step 2. Create a New Directory: Create a new directory where you will store the configuration files for your WordPress installation. You can name the directory whatever you like, but for this tutorial, we will call it "wordpress-docker."

Step 3. Create a Docker Compose File: Next, create a Docker Compose file in the "wordpress-docker" directory. You can name the file "docker-compose.yml". In this file, we will define the services required for our WordPress installation. Open the .yml in a text editor and paste:

version: '3' services: db: image: mysql:5.7 volumes: - db_data:/var/lib/mysql restart: always environment: MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD: password MYSQL_DATABASE: wordpress MYSQL_USER: wordpress MYSQL_PASSWORD: wordpress wordpress: depends_on: - db image: wordpress:latest ports: - "80:80" restart: always environment: WORDPRESS_DB_HOST: db:3306 WORDPRESS_DB_USER: wordpress WORDPRESS_DB_PASSWORD: wordpress WORDPRESS_DB_NAME: wordpress volumes: db_data:
This Docker Compose file defines two services, "db" and "wordpress". The "db" service runs a MySQL 5.7 image, while the "wordpress" service runs the latest version of WordPress. The "depends_on" option ensures that the "db" service starts before the "wordpress" service.

Step 4. Start the Docker Containers: To start the containers, navigate to the "wordpress-docker" directory in your terminal and run the following command:

docker-compose up -d

This command will download the required images, create the containers, and start the services in the background. You can check the status of the containers using the following command:

docker ps

This command will display the status of the containers, including the container ID, image name, and port mappings.

Step 5. Configure WordPress: Now that the containers are running, you can configure WordPress by visiting the following URL in your web browser:

http://localhost/wp-admin/install.php

This will launch the WordPress installation wizard. Follow the prompts to configure your WordPress site, including setting up a username and password for the admin account.

Step 6. Access the WordPress Site: Once the installation is complete, you can access your WordPress site by visiting the following URL in your web browser:

http://localhost/

Congratulations! You have successfully installed WordPress using Docker with Apache and MySQL. You can now develop and deploy WordPress sites easily and efficiently using this setup.

6 Reasons Why Using FOSS Alternatives to Microsoft Teams is a Smart Choice

 
In recent years, there has been a growing movement towards using Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) in place of proprietary software. One area where this is particularly relevant is in communication and collaboration software, such as Microsoft Teams. While Microsoft Teams has become a popular choice for many organizations, there are a number of benefits to using FOSS alternatives instead.

1. Cost: One of the most obvious benefits of using FOSS software is that it is usually free of charge. This is in contrast to proprietary software, which often requires expensive licenses or subscriptions. By using FOSS alternatives, organizations can save significant amounts of money on software costs.

2. Customizability: FOSS software is often highly customizable, allowing organizations to tailor it to their specific needs. This is in contrast to proprietary software, which may have limited customization options or require additional fees for customization. With FOSS software, organizations can modify the software as needed, adding or removing features as necessary.

3. Security: FOSS software is often considered to be more secure than proprietary software. This is because the source code for FOSS software is available to anyone, meaning that potential security vulnerabilities can be identified and fixed more quickly. With proprietary software, only the software vendor has access to the source code, making it more difficult to identify and fix security issues.

4. Community Support: FOSS software often has a large community of users and developers who contribute to its development and offer support. This can be particularly useful for organizations that may not have the resources to provide their own technical support. With FOSS software, organizations can rely on the community for assistance with troubleshooting and other technical issues.

5. Compatibility: FOSS software is often designed to be compatible with a wide range of operating systems and devices. This can be particularly useful for organizations that have a diverse range of hardware and software configurations. With FOSS software, organizations can avoid compatibility issues that may arise with proprietary software.

6. Transparency: FOSS software is often more transparent than proprietary software, as the source code is available to anyone. This can be particularly important for organizations that need to comply with regulatory requirements or industry standards. With FOSS software, organizations can verify that the software meets their specific requirements and ensure that there are no hidden vulnerabilities or backdoors.

There are several FOSS alternatives to Microsoft Teams that organizations can consider, depending on their specific needs. Some popular options include:

1. Mattermost: an open-source messaging platform that offers end-to-end encryption, self-hosting options, and integrations with popular tools like Jira and GitLab.

2. Rocket.Chat: a free, open-source team chat platform that offers voice and video conferencing, screen sharing, and custom branding options.

3. Nextcloud Talk: a self-hosted, end-to-end encrypted communication platform that offers chat, audio and video calls, and screen sharing.

4. Jitsi: a free, open-source video conferencing platform that offers end-to-end encryption, screen sharing, and virtual backgrounds.

5. Zulip: an open-source chat and collaboration platform that offers threaded conversations, integrations with popular tools like GitHub and Jira, and mobile apps.

These are just a few examples of the many FOSS alternatives to Microsoft Teams available. By exploring these options, organizations can find the communication and collaboration tools that best suit their needs while benefiting from the advantages of FOSS software.

So, while Microsoft Teams may be a popular choice for many organizations, there are a number of benefits to using FOSS alternatives instead. From cost savings to customizability, security, community support, compatibility, and transparency, FOSS software can offer a range of advantages for organizations looking for communication and collaboration solutions.

Elon Musk Starts X.AI - A New AI Company

Elon Musk, the billionaire entrepreneur and innovator, has once again made headlines with the announcement of his latest venture, X.AI. The company, which was incorporated in Nevada last month, is dedicated to artificial intelligence, with Musk as its director and Jared Birchall, director of Musk's family office, listed as its secretary.

Speculation about Musk's interest in the AI space had been circulating for several days, with reports that he had purchased thousands of graphic processing units (GPUs) to power a new generative AI product. There were also reports that he sought funding from investors of his other companies, SpaceX and Tesla, to get X.AI off the ground.

During a recent interview on Twitter Spaces, Musk was asked about the GPUs he had purchased, but he made no mention of X.AI or his plans to create an AI firm. However, the name of the company matches the branding of the X Corp. name he has assigned to Twitter and the "X" label he's applied to his vision of an "everything app."

Musk has been openly critical of OpenAI, the AI organization he co-founded in 2015 but left in 2018, and recently signed a letter calling for a pause on "giant AI experiments." OpenAI has been making waves with technologies like ChatGPT and GPT-4, and has helped push Microsoft and Google to integrate AI tools more deeply into their products.

With the creation of X.AI, it seems that Musk is doubling down on his interest in AI and will be looking to compete with OpenAI in the space. It remains to be seen what X.AI's products and services will be, but given Musk's track record of disruptive innovation, it's sure to be something exciting.

Malware: What Is It and How To Protect Yourself

Malware is a malicious software designed to damage, disrupt, or gain unauthorized access to a computer system. Malware can be spread through email attachments, infected websites, and compromised software. Once installed on your computer, it can cause damage to your system, steal your personal information, and even use your computer as a part of a botnet to launch attacks on other computers. In this blog post, we will discuss what malware is, its different types, and how to protect yourself from it.

Types of Malware

There are several types of malware that can infect your computer, each with a different purpose. Some of the most common types include:

Virus: A virus is a piece of code that attaches itself to a legitimate program or file and spreads by infecting other files on your system.

Trojan: A Trojan is a program that appears to be harmless but actually contains malicious code that can give hackers access to your system.

Ransomware: Ransomware is a type of malware that encrypts your files and demands payment in exchange for the decryption key.

Spyware: Spyware is a type of malware that monitors your computer activity and sends the information back to the attacker.

Adware: Adware is a type of malware that displays unwanted ads or pop-ups on your computer.

How to Protect Yourself from Malware

Keep your software up to date: Make sure to regularly update your operating system and software to ensure that any known vulnerabilities are patched.

Use antivirus software: Install a reputable antivirus software on your computer and keep it updated to protect against known malware threats.

Be careful with email attachments: Avoid opening email attachments from unknown senders or suspicious emails, and be wary of phishing emails that ask you to click on a link.

Use a strong password: Use a strong and unique password for each of your online accounts and avoid using easily guessable passwords.

Be careful with downloads: Only download software from reputable sources and verify the authenticity of the software before installing it.

Use a firewall: A firewall can help block unauthorized access to your computer, preventing malware from communicating with its command-and-control server.

Be cautious on public Wi-Fi: Avoid logging into sensitive accounts, such as online banking, on public Wi-Fi networks, as these networks may not be secure and can be easily intercepted by attackers.

Conclusion

Malware is a serious threat to computer users and can cause significant damage if not properly protected against. By following the above tips, you can significantly reduce the risk of malware infecting your computer and protect your personal information from being compromised. Remember, prevention is always better than cure when it comes to malware, so stay vigilant and stay safe.

Ubuntu Server CLI Commands: A Cheat Sheet For Beginners

Ubuntu Server is one of the most widely used Linux distributions for running servers. If you are just getting started with Ubuntu Server, then you may find it difficult to remember all the commands needed to manage your server. In this blog post, I will provide you with a cheat sheet of the most useful Ubuntu Server commands, along with a brief explanation of what they do.

    sudo: This command is used to execute a command with root privileges. It stands for "superuser do". You need to type sudo before any command that requires root access.

    apt: This command is used to install, update, and remove packages on Ubuntu. It stands for "Advanced Package Tool". To install a package, you would use the command sudo apt install <package-name>. To update all installed packages, use sudo apt update followed by sudo apt upgrade. To remove a package, use sudo apt remove <package-name>.

    systemctl: This command is used to manage system services on Ubuntu. You can use it to start, stop, restart, enable, and disable services. To start a service, use sudo systemctl start <service-name>. To stop a service, use sudo systemctl stop <service-name>. To restart a service, use sudo systemctl restart <service-name>. To enable a service to start automatically on boot, use sudo systemctl enable <service-name>. To disable a service from starting automatically on boot, use sudo systemctl disable <service-name>.

    ufw: This command is used to manage Ubuntu's Uncomplicated Firewall. You can use it to enable or disable the firewall, as well as to open or close ports. To enable the firewall, use sudo ufw enable. To disable the firewall, use sudo ufw disable. To allow incoming traffic on a specific port, use sudo ufw allow <port-number>. To deny incoming traffic on a specific port, use sudo ufw deny <port-number>.

    ls: This command is used to list the files and directories in the current working directory. To list all files and directories (including hidden ones), use ls -a. To list files in long format, use ls -l. To list files in long format with human-readable file sizes, use ls -lh.

    cd: This command is used to change the current working directory. To change to a directory, use cd <directory-name>. To change to the home directory, use cd ~. To change to the previous directory, use cd -.

    pwd: This command is used to print the current working directory.

    mkdir: This command is used to create a new directory. To create a directory, use mkdir <directory-name>.

    rm: This command is used to remove files or directories. To remove a file, use rm <file-name>. To remove a directory and its contents, use rm -r <directory-name>.

    tar: This command is used to create, list, and extract tar archives. To create a tar archive, use tar -czvf <archive-name>.tar.gz <directory-to-archive>. To list the contents of a tar archive, use tar -tvf <archive-name>.tar.gz. To extract a tar archive, use tar -xzvf <archive-name>.tar.gz.

These are some of the most useful Ubuntu Server commands that you will need to know. As you become more comfortable with Ubuntu Server, you will find that there are many more commands that can be used to manage your server.